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This was enough for a very slight majority in the Hungarian Parliament. The pro-compromise Liberal Party within Hungary was supported by a very small group of aristocratic, landed Hungarians as well as ethnic Slovaks, Romanians and Croatians. And yet it was doomed to long-term failure. In broad terms, it was attempt by Franz Joseph and Vienna to prevent yet another rebellion by Budapest in a moment of weakness.įurther revolution was avoided. This is the beginning of Imperial and Royal ( kaiserlich und königlich ). This is why the Dual Monarchy is born in 1867, one year after the Austro-Prussian War.
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They were willing to provide recognition to the state in exchange for more local freedom. The military dictatorship that had been ruling in Hungary since 1848 was now suspect and liberal aristocratic wanted change. The Army had been shown to be weak and ineffectual over and over again. Austrian leadership of greater Germany was now dead and the stage was set for the declaration of Imperial Germany dominated by Prussia.
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Franz Joseph, as a result, lost one of his titles: President of German Confederation. Then, in 1866, the Austro-Prussian War brought defeat at the Battle of Königgrätz at the hands of a much more technically advanced Prussian (soon to be German) Army. The Italian Wars of Independence severed northern Italy from Austria and again burned tremendous amounts of treasure to no advantage. In the 1850s Austria’s small participation in the Crimean War on the side of English, French and Ottomans severed its long-time friendship with Russia, isolating it diplomatically. (The Votivkirche is the physical remembrance of this event.) In 1853 a Hungarian nationalist almost succeeded in assassinating Franz Joseph, further inculcating a atmosphere of fear.
#Franz joseph i series#
The rest of his reign can been seen as a series of desperate actions to keep the Empire together, coupled with a few bizarre and unfortunate pieces of bad luck. The Empire was saved but at great cost of life and treasure and with a firmly conservative mindset embedded in the Emperor and his Ministers. Born of desperate necessity, the Austrian Army began ruthlessly crushing opposition with the help of Imperial Russian forces, especially in Hungary. Technically, Franz Joseph’s father was next in line for the throne but he was generally uninterested in ruling especially during a crisis and so his son was brought to the fore. Ferdinand was easily persuaded to abdicate in the favor of his young cousin Franz Joseph. Ministers in Vienna then concocted what can be seen as a bloodless, intra-family coup. When told of Vienna, Prague, Northern Italy, and Budapest rising up against the monarchy, Ferdinand reportedly asked his ministers, “But are they allowed to do that?” When the Year of Revolutions (1848) arrived, Ferdinand was unable to rule and unable to comprehend what was going on around him. That burden went to his cousin, the genetically unfortunate Ferdinand I.
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He is the sixth-longest reigning monarch in the history of the world, sitting on the throne from 1848 until 1916.īorn in Austria’s version of Versailles, Schönbrunn Palace just outside of Vienna, in 1830, Franz Joseph was the son of the Archduke Franz Karl and was not slated for the throne. He ruled the Empire for the entire period I am addressing and his particular brand of politics colors almost everything we will discuss. It’s impossible to talk about the Dual Monarchy and the fin-de-siècle without addressing Emperor Franz Joseph I.